Ubutabera bw’u Rwanda mu myaka 31 ishize, ni inzira y’inzitane ariko yasabaga n’imbaraga zidasanzwe. Mbere ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, hari icyuho cy’ubutabera bw’u Rwanda by’umwihariko ku banyarwanda n’amategeko atarahanaga. Nyuma ya Jenoside hakozwe byinshi birimo kugarura Gacaca yafashije kongera kubanisha Abanyarwanda, amavugurura mu rwego rw’ubutabera n’ibindi.

Mbere ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi hari ubutabera bw’inzira imwe; kugoreka amateka, kugoreka imikorere, kutagira inzego zihamye, abakora ibyaha ntibahanwe n’amategeko adasobanutse. Ibi ni bimwe mu byatumye u Rwanda rugera kuri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994.

Ibi ni ibishimangirwa na Frank Mugabo, Umuyobozi muri Minisiteri y’Ubutabera ushinzwe gusesengura politiki y’ubutabera bwegerejwe abaturage, mu kiganiro cyihariye yagiranye na Imvaho Nshya.

Yifashishije urugero rworoshye cyane, ni aho agaragaza inzego z’ubucamanza zabaga muri Minisiteri y’Ubutabera. Ati: “Kugira ngo Minisitiri w’Ubutabera abe ari we ufite akantu kameze nk’ibiro birimo Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, bibe birimo Umushinjacyaha Mukuru, nabyo bibe ari ishami riri ahongaho nabyo ubwabyo ntabwo wateganyaga kubona ubutabera ushaka.”

Nta mategeko ahari nta n’inzego ziba zihari. Mugabo avuga ko ibyo byaje gutuma habaho icyuho cyo guhana abakoze ibyaha ndetse hagaragara abakora ibyaha ariko ntibahanwe.

Agira ati: “Ibyo byose byari byubakiye ku mikorere y’abakoloni. Ni aho byahereye, havaho inzego zose zirasenywa, abantu gukora ibyaha ntibahanwe ahubwo uwakoze ibyaha akagororerwa. Ibyo ni byo byaje bigera kuri Jenoside igihugu kirasenyuka.”

Ubwo Jenoside yakorerwaga Abatutsi

Abari Abacamanza cyangwa abari barize ibijyanye n’amategeko, abenshi bijanditse mu byaha bya Jenoside, abatarijanditse mu byaha bya Jenoside barishwe, abatarishwe barahunze. Bivuze ko igihugu cyasigaye cyambaye ubusa mu bijyanye n’ubucamanza n’ubwo n’ahandi hose ari ko byari bimeze.

Ati: “Iyo tuvuze ngo ubutabera mu myaka 30 ni yo mpamvu navuze ngo ni inzira y’inzitane, ni inzira ndende, ni inzira yari igoye igihugu, icya mbere hari uguhana abanyabyaha benshi cyane, abantu bari bijanditse muri Jenoside ariko no guha ubutabera abakorewe ibyaha.”

Kugira ngo igihugu kigire ireme, cyubake ubwo butabera muri rusange ntawahamya ko ari ikintu cyari cyoroshye ariko byarashobotse.

Mu mbaraga nke igihugu cyari gifite byarakunze ari yo mpamvu uyu munsi u Rwanda ari igihugu kigendera ku mategeko.

Tariki 08 Ugushyingo 1994, Jenoside ikirangira, Umuryango w’Abibumbye wafashe icyiswe umwanzuro wa 995 washyiragaho Urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha w’ u Rwanda rwiswe ICTR, rushyirwa i Arusha hagamijwe gukurikirana abantu bakoze ibyaha bya Jenoside.

U Rwanda rwasinye amasezerano yo kurwanya Jenoside mu 1948, nyuma yo kuyasinya nta kindi rwakoze kuko ntirwashoboye gushyiraho inzego n’amategeko. Kimwe mu bibazo u Rwanda rwari rufite kwari ukutagira amategeko mpuzamahanga ahana ibyaha.

Gushyiraho urugereko mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda i Arusha byari ukugira ngo rutangire gukurikirana biriya byaha bya Jenoside, rutangire rukurikirane abo bantu.

Mugabo yavuze ati: “Kuba nta tegeko ryari rihari ubwabyo byasabye u Rwanda inzira ndende, ni inzego muri rusange zagombaga kubakwa kandi zikubakwa kuri buri rwego, gushyiraho Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, gutora amategeko, gushyiraho urwego rw’Ubucamanza rukora neza, gushyiraho Ubushinjacyaha ni cyo kibazo cyari gihari gikomeye.”

Minisiteri y’Ubutabera igaragaza ko abari bakurikiranyweho ibyaha bya Jenoside barengaga 1 000 000, hari n’abandi barimo bahunga bambukiranya imipaka barengaga 100 000, abo nabo bagombaga gukurikiranwa no gushakishwa.

Abarenga miliyoni bijanditse mu byaha bya Jenoside ni abari bari mu magereza bari bategereje ubutabera hatabariwemo abari bamaze guhunga igihugu.

Ku rundi ruhande, abari bararokotse Jenoside na bo bari bategereje ubutabera hatirengagijwe ko hari n’abatari bafite icyizere ko ejo hazabaho; abana benshi b’imfubyi, abapfakazi, abafite ibikomere by’umutima n’umubiri.

Ati: “Igihugu cyari ku rwego kiri ahantu ubundi cyagombye kuba gihanagurwa ku ikarita y’Isi ariko mu bushobozi bucye igihugu cyacu cyari gifite, bashatse uburyo bwose igihugu kidahanagurwa ku ikarita y’Isi kigasubira mu murongo. Aho ni ho inzira y’ubutabera yatangiriye, bwari ubutabera bugomba gutanga ubutabera ariko n’ubwiyunge.”

Hashyizweho ubutabera bwunga kuko iyo budashyirwaho hagombaga kubaho kwihorera, ikintu kitabayeho kubera biturutse ku mitegekere y’igihugu. Kuba hatarabayeho kwihorera yari inzira yo kugira ngo ubutabera butangire bwubakwe.

Ntabwo twabona ubutabera dushaka nta nubwo twagera ku bwiyunge dushaka tutagaruye Gacaca

Kugarura Gacaca yari yaravanyweho n’Abakoloni, ni umwe mu mwanzuro washibutse mu biganiro byo mu Rugwiro byari bigamije kubaka u Rwanda rushya.

Gacaca yaje ifite umwihariko wo gukurikirana abantu bakoze ibyaha bya Jenoside mu rwego rwo kwihutisha imanza z’abakoze Jenoside n’abasahuye. Ikindi hari ukureba uko amakuru azava muri Gacaca azaba ahagaze; abakoze ibyaha uko babikoze, abarokotse barokotse bate, icyo ni ikindi gice Gacaca yagombaga kugaragaza muri ya nzira y’ubumwe n’ubwiyunge.

Nyuma ya Gacaca hashyizweho inzira yo kunga Abanyarwanda kuko ntawabona impozamarira ku bantu bishwe bagashira, ku muryango wishwe hakarokoka umuntu umwe, wiciwe abana [….] uretse kwigisha abantu gusaba imbabazi, kwereka abantu ko wabahemukiye no kubereka aho wajugunye ababo kugira ngo bakurweyo bashyingurwe mu cyubahiro.

Ati: “Nta kindi kintu uwari wararokotse Jenoside yari akeneye uretse kumenya urupfu rw’umuvandimwe, kumenya aho yaguye no kumenya uko yishwe. Ikindi kwari ukumenya ese uriya warokotse we yarokotse ate? Iyo ni yo nzira ya Gacaca.”

Mu nzira yo kubaka ubutabera, Gacaca yatangiye mu 2004 igera mu 2012. Hashyizweho urwego rw’Ubushinjacyaha rutari ruhari ndetse hatorwa itegeko ryo kurwanya Jenoside.

Abakoze Jenoside bari hagati y’imyaka 14 na 60. Uwari ufite amabwiriza n’imbaraga z’umubiri n’ubushobozi bw’imitekerereze wese, yijanditse muri Jenoside. Ari abagabo n’abagore bijanditse muri Jenoside mu gihe abana ari bo bajyaga kuvumbura aho Abatutsi bihishe, bivuze ko bagize uruhare muri Jenoside mu gihe kuri bariyeri hari abana n’abagore ndetse n’abagabo.

Mu myaka 30 ishize, mu rwego rw’ubutabera hashyizweho urwego rw’ubujurire, urukiko rw’Ikirenga rusigarana ibindi bibazo bindi rugomba gusuzuma. Mu mavugurura y’Ubutabera, uyu munsi hari Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, Urukiko rukuru ruburanisha ibyaha bisanzwe ariko hakabaho n’urukiko rukuru ruburanisha ibirego by’ubucuruzi.

Muri izi nkiko hagiye havukamo n’izindi ngereko; urugereko rwihariye rushinzwe kuburanisha ibyaha byambukiranya imipaka, Urukiko rwisumbuye rufite ingereko zihariye ruburanisha ibirego by’abana, iby’umurimo.

Izi ni ingereko zindi zihariye kugira ngo hatandukanywe imikorere hakabaho n’inkiko zibanze ziri hirya no hino mu gihugu. Ni amavugurura yagiye atangiye kuva mu 2004 kugeza mu 2018 mu nzego z’ubutabera.

Minisiteri y’Ubutabera itangaza ko ibirimo gukorwa uyu munsi, bikorwa hakurikijwe amategeko, uko inzego zubatse bikajyana no kugarurira icyizere Umunyarwanda mu nzego zose.

Amafoto & Video: Olivier Tuyisenge

Ba uwa mbere mu kumenya amakuru agezweho!!!