Kuba abashakanye bataramara imyaka itanu babana ntibivuze ko batagabana umutungo igihe habayeho ubutane. Itegeko riteganya ko, mu buryo bw’ivangamutungo rusange, urukiko rushobora kudakurikiza ihame ryo kugabana umutungo n’imyenda ku buryo bungana, iyo umwe mu bashakanye abisabye kandi agatanga impamvu zibishyigikira.

Igabana ry’umutungo w’abashakanye mu gihe habayeho ubutane ni imwe mu ngingo zikunze guteza impaka mu rwego rw’amategeko. Zimwe mu mpamvu zituma iki kibazo gikomeza kugarukwaho ni ukutamenya neza uko umutungo ugabanywa, cyane cyane iyo abashakanye bari barahisemo uburyo bw’ivangamutungo rusange cyangwa ivangamutungo w’umuhahano.

Hari abibwira ko iyo abashakanye bamaranye igihe kiri munsi y’imyaka itanu, nta burenganzira baba bafite bwo kugabana umutungo. Ariko se koko ni ko amategeko y’u Rwanda abiteganya?

Kugira ngo iki kibazo gisobanuke neza, ni ngombwa kubanza kureba icyo umutungo w’abashakanye ari cyo mu rwego rw’amategeko n’uko uburenganzira buwerekeye bugenwa.

Umutungo w’abashakanye usobanurwa ute mu rwego rw’amategeko?

Mu rwego rw’amategeko, umutungo w’abashakanye ni ibintu bifite agaciro gashobora kuvunjwa mu mafaranga , amafaranga ubwayo, uburenganzira ku mutungo ndetse n’imyenda, amategeko akaba agena uko bicungwa n’uko abashakanye babigiraho uburenganzira n’inshingano, hashingiwe ku buryo bw’imicungire y’umutungo bahisemo igihe bashyingiranwaga.

Muri rusange bishatse kuvuga ko atari umutungo wose umugabo n’umugore baba bafite cyangwa bakoresha mu mibereho y’urugo uhita ufatwa nk’umutungo bahuriyeho. 

Uburenganzira kuri buri mutungo bugenwa n’inkomoko yawo, igihe wabonekeye, uburyo wungutsemo n’amasezerano y’imicungire y’umutungo abashakanye bahisemo.

Bityo rero, kumenya uko umutungo uzagabanywa igihe habayeho ubutane bisaba kubanza kumenya uburyo bw’imicungire abashakanye bari barahisemo. 

Ni ubuhe buryo bw’imicungire y’umutungo w’abashakanye buteganywa n’amategeko y’u Rwanda?

Itegeko nº 71/2024 ryo ku wa 26/06/2024 rigenga abantu n’umuryango ryateganyije uburyo bune bw’imicungire y’umutungo w’abashakanye burimo Ivangamutungo rusange, Ivangamutungo w’umuhahano, Ivanguramutungo risesuye, n’uburyo bwa kane bw’imicungire y’umutungo w’abashyingiranywe ishingiye ku masezerano ategurwa n’abashaka gushyingiranwa.

Ibi bigaragaza ko uburyo abashakanye bahisemo bwo gucunga umutungo ari ingenzi mu kumenya uburenganzira bwa buri wese kuri wo, haba mu gihe ishyingirwa rikomeje cyangwa igihe risheshwe.

Ese ihame ryo kugabana umutungo ku buryo bungana mu gihe cy’ubutane ryarahindutse?

Ihame ryo kugabana umutungo ku buryo bungana riracyariho, ariko Itegeko Nº 71/2024 ryazanye uburyo bwihariye bushoboragutuma ridakurikizwa mu bihe biteganywa n’amategeko.

By’umwihariko, ingingo ya 156 y’iri tegeko ivuga ku iseswa ry’ivangamutungo rusange.

Muri rusange, iyo ivangamutungo rusange risheshwe bitewe n’ubutane cyangwa guhindura uburyo bw’imicungire y’umutungo, umutungo rusange n’imyenda birebana na wo bigabanywa hagati y’abashyingiranywe ku buryo bungana, keretse hari ubundi buryo bumvikanyeho.

Icyakora, iryo hame rifite irengayobora rireba abashyingiranywe bataramara imyaka itanu babana. Iyo umwe muri bo abisabyemu gihe cy’urubanza rw’ubutane, urukiko rushobora gutegeka ko umutungo rusange n’imyenda birebana na wo bitagabanywa kuburyo bungana.

Mbere yo gufata icyemezo, urukiko rugomba gusuzuma impamvu zatanzwe n’usaba. Iyo rusanze zifite ishingiro, rushobora kugena umugabane wa buri wese rushingiye kuruhare yagize mu kubona umutungo.

Ibi bivuze ko igihe abashakanye bamaranye cyonyine kidahagije kugira ngo umwe muri bo yamburwe umugabane ungana n’uw’undi kuko icyemezo cyo kudakurikiza iryo gabana ringana gifatwa n’urukiko nyuma yo gusuzuma ubusabe n’impamvu zabutanzweho.

Ese kuba abashakanye bataramara imyaka itanu bivuze ko batagabana umutungo?

Oya. Ibi ni byo bigomba kumvikana neza kugira ngo hirindwe imyumvire itari yo kuri iyi ngingo. Itegeko ntirivuga ko abashakanye bataramara imyaka itanu babana batagabana umutungo. Ahubwo riteganya ko, mu gihe bahisemo ivangamutungo rusange, umwe muri bo ashobora gusaba urukiko ko batagabana umutungo n’imyenda ku buryobungana, urukiko rukabisuzuma rukurikije impamvu zatanzwe.

Mu mategeko y’u Rwanda, kuba abashakanye bataramara imyaka itanu babana si impamvu ihita ituma batagabana umutungo igihe batanye.

Ikindi nanone, urukiko si ngombwa ko rwemera ubwo busabe kubera imyaka gusa ahubwo rugomba kubanza gusuzumaimpamvu zatanzwe, rukabona gufata icyemezo rukurikijeamategeko.

Mu yandi magambo, igabana ry’umutungo w’abashakanye mu gihe cy’ubutane ntirishingira gusa ku gihe bamaranye, ahubwo rishingira ku buryo bw’imicungire y’umutungo bahisemo, kumategeko abugenga, ku nkomoko y’umutungo no ku cyemezocy’urukiko mu gihe habayeho impaka.

Ese ahandi bigenda gute?

Muri Kenya, Itegeko rigenga umutungo w’abashakanye (Matrimonial Property Act, 2013) riteganya ko umutungo w’abashakanye ugabanywa hashingiwe ku ruhare rwa buri wese mu kuwubona.

Ku wa 27 Mutarama 2023, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Kenya rwaciye urubanza ruzwi nka JOO v MBO & 2 Others, Petition No. 11 of 2020, [2023] KESC 4.

Icyo gihe Urukiko rwemeje ko ihame ry’uburinganire bw’abashakanye ridahita risobanura ko buri wese agomba guhabwa 50% by’umutungo igihe batanye.

Rwavuze ko umugabane wa buri wese ugomba kugenwa hashingiwe ku ruhare rwe, haba mu mafaranga cyangwa mu bundi buryo butari amafaranga.

Afurika y’Epfo: Igihe ishyingirwa ryamaze ni kimwe mu bipimo by’ingenzi

Muri Afurika y’Epfo, ingingo ya 9 y’Itegeko rigenga ubutane (Divorce Act No. 70 of 1979) iteganya uburyo bwo kwambura umwe mu bashakanye inyungu yari gukura mu ishyingirwa (forfeiture of patrimonial benefits).

Mu gihe urukiko rusuzuma ubusabe nk’ubwo, harebwa ibintu bitatu by’ingenzi birimo igihe ishyingirwa ryamaze, impamvu zatumye ishyingirwa risenyuka, ndetse n’imyitwarire mibi ikomeye yakozwe n’umwe mu bashakanye.

Urukiko rugomba kandi gusuzuma niba kutagira icyo cyemezo byatuma umwe mu bashakanye agira inyungu zirenze izikwiye ugereranyije n’undi.

Ibi bigaragaza ko igihe ishyingirwa ryamaze gishobora kugira uruhare mu gufata icyemezo ku migabane y’umutungo, ariko ntigihagije cyonyine.

Mu rubanza K.P.S v M.D.S (010556/2022) [2024] ZAGPPHC 981, Urukiko Rukuru rwa Afurika y’Epfo rwongeye gusobanura ibipimo bigomba kwitabwaho mu gusuzuma ubusabe bwo kwambura umwe mu bashakanye inyungu akura mu ishyingirwa.

U Bwongereza: Igihe ishyingirwa ryamaze ntigihita gikuraho uburenganzira bwo kugabana umutungo

Mu Bwongereza, Itegeko rigenga ubutane n’ibijyanye n’umutungo (Matrimonial Causes Act 1973), cyane cyane ingingo ya 25, ritegeka inkiko gusuzuma ibihe bitandukanye birimo.

Igihe abashakanye bamaranye, Imiterere y’umutungo buri wese afite, Uruhare rwa buri wese mu muryango ndetse n’ibyo buri wese akeneye mu mibereho ye.

Mu rubanza Miller v Miller and McFarlane v McFarlane [2006] UKHL 24, Urukiko Rukuru rw’u Bwongereza (House of Lords) rwagaragaje ko ishyingirwa rimaze igihe gito na ryo rishingiye ku ihame ry’ubufatanye bw’abashakanye.

Urukiko rwasobanuye ko igihe gito ishyingirwa ryamaze gishobora kugira ingaruka ku gaciro k’umutungo buri wese ahabwa, ariko ko bidakwiye guhita biba impamvu yo kwambura umwe mu bashakanye uburenganzira ku mutungo wabonetse ku bw’imbaraga za bombi.

Icyakora, ku mutungo umwe yari asanganywe mbere yo gushyingirwa cyangwa yarazwe, igihe gito ishyingirwa ryamaze gishobora gutuma urukiko rudaha undi mugabane kuri uwo mutungo.

Yanditswe na NISINGIZWE A. Jean Baptiste, umunyamakuru w’Urwego rw’Igihugu rw’Itangazamakuru (RBA) akaba n’umunyeshuri wiga mu Ishuri Rikuru ryigisha rikanateza imbere Amategeko (ILPD).

Ba uwa mbere mu kumenya amakuru agezweho!!!